BD523 




H 1111 

HP 

gg 

mmmss ml iyf§ 

HHw 
HHHH 

J 1 : 

111111 

in 

UHW 
!8raS 



H 



HHi 




HHHL 



H 



;■ gas 



™ 



HHi 

iigSgBi -■" 88888 B5SS 

1 Hgllillllliil 

■HHH 

fm HHg Wmmk 



S 9 . ■ ' -■: ' R ' '■': 








4 O 




■ 



*+ :M£^ %„<?* .\flfe\ V .<»^ V 





• c^^Vk^^ ^> 




,* v 



° tf\ 



or- 



*^C* 









<3^ - o „o- ^' 




Ov o " a *\^ 






THE TRUE KEY 



ANCIENT COSMOLOGY. 



WILLIAM F. WAEEEN, S.T.D., LL.D. 

President of Boston University ; Author of " Anfangsgriinde 

der Logik" " Einleitung in die systemattiche 

Theologie" etc. 







tijhji 



s 



£L 




RT aR 



THE WORLD OF THE ANCIENTS, 



THE TRUE KEY 



ANCIEISTT COSMOLOGY 



MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



BY 



WILLIAM F. WARREN, S.T.D., LL.D., 

President of Boston University ; Author of " An fangs gr wide der Logik" 
" Einleitung in die systematische Theologie" etc. 



)l>? 



THIRD EDITION. ILLUSTRA" 




BOSTOX : 
PUBLISHED BY GIXX, HEATH, & CO. 

1882. 




Copyright by 
WILLIAM F. WARREN. 

1881, 1882. 



All rights reserved. 



TO 



fflg Pfonorrti Colleague ani Jrtnrt, 
BOEDER P. BOWISTE, LL.D., 

RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. 



PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 



The suggestion that the true cosmology of Homer has for 
more than four hundred years eluded the research of scholars, 
is hardly less startling and paradoxical than was in its time the 
great thesis of Copernicus. Nevertheless, as the Key here 
presented clearly shows, — 

" It is not Homer nods, but we that dream." 

Since the paper first appeared, no critic has publicly challenged 
its correctness. Meantime in private correspondence several of 
the most distinguished and specially competent scholars of 
Europe, such as Mr. Gladstone, Professor Sayce of Oxford, and 
Professor Tiele of Leyden, have frankly indicated their favor- 
able inclination of judgment toward it. 

During the past winter the author delivered in the post-grad- 
uate department of the University an extended course of lectures 
on the Comparative Cosmology and Mythical Geography of the 
Most Ancient Nations. The class consisted of eighteen men, 
and all problems raised in the free discussions connected with 
the course found ready and satisfactory answers in accordance 
with the principles here set forth. 

The first publication of this Key was in " The Independent," 

5 



6 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 

New York, Aug. 25, 1881. The second and enlarged issue 
was in the " Boston University Year B<5bk," Vol. IX. The 
present, or third, edition is the first in independent form, and is 
illustrated not only with the original diagram, but also with a 
wood-cut view of " The World of the Ancients " reconstructed 
according to the Key here presented. 

W. F. W. 
Boston, April, 1882. 



THE TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 
AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



Hie vertex nobis semper sublimis, at ilium 

Sub pedibus Styx atra videt Manesque profundi. 

The cosmology of the ancients has been gravely mis- 
conceived by modern scholars. All our maps of "The 
World according to Homer " represent the earth as flat, 
and as surrounded by a level, flowing, ocean stream. 
"There can be no doubt," says Bunbury, u that Homer, 
in common with all his successors down to the time of 
Hecatseus, believed .the earth to be a plane of circular 
form." 1 As to the sky, we are generally taught that the 
early Greeks believed it to be a solid metallic vault. 2 
Professor F. A. Paley aids the imagination of his readers 
as follows : " We might familiarly illustrate the Hesiodic 
notion of the flat circular earth and the convex over- 
arching sky by a circular plate with a hemispherical dish- 
cover of metal placed over it and concealing it. Above 

1 E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and 
Romans. London, 1879: vol. i., p. 79. Professor Bunbury was a leading 
contributor to Smith's Dictionary of Ancient Greek and Roman Geography. 
Compare Friedreich, Die Realien in der TLids und Odysee, 1856, § 19. Buch- 
holz, Die homerische Realien. Leipzig, 1871: Bd. I., 48. 

2 See Voss, Ukert, Bunbury, Buchholz, and the others. 

7 



8 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

the cover (which is supposed to rotate on an axis, nolog) 
live the gods. Round the inner concavity is the path of 
the sun, giving light to the earth below." 1 

That all writers upon Greek mythology, including even 
the latest, 2 should proceed upon the same assumptions 
as the professed Homeric interpreters and geographers, 
building upon their foundations, is only natural. And 
that the current conceptions of the cosmology of the 
ancient Greeks should profoundly affect current interpre- 
tations of the cosmological and geographical data of other 
ancient peoples, is also precisely what the history and inner 
relationships of modern archseological studies would lead 
one to expect. It is not surprising, therefore, that the 
earth of the ancient Hebrews, Egyptians, Indo-Aryans, 
and other ancient peoples, has been assumed to correspond 
to the supposed flat earth of the Greeks. 3 

A protracted study of the subject has convinced the 
present writer that this modern assumption, as to the form 
of the Homeric earth, is entirely baseless and misleading. 
He has, furthermore, satisfied himself that the Egyptians, 
Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, 

1 TJie Epics o/Hesiod, ivith an English Commentary. London, 1861: p. 172. 

2 See, for example, Sir George W. Cox: An Introduction to the Science 
of Comparative Mythology and Folklore. London and New York, 1881: p. 
244. Decharme, Mythologie de la Grece Antique. Paris, 1879: p. 11. 

3 It is true that Heinrich Zirnmer remarks, " Die Anschauung die sich 
bei Griechen und Nordgermanen findet, dass die Erde eine Scheibe sei, 
urn die sich das Meer schlingt, begegnet in den vedischen Samhita nir- 
gends." Altindisches Leben. Berlin, 1879: p. 359. But even he does not 
advance from this negative assertion to an exposition of the true Vedic 
cosmology. Compare M. Fontane: "Leur cosmographie est einbryonaire. 
La terre est pour l'Arya ronde et plate comme un disque. Le firmament 
vedique, concave, vien se souder a la terre, circulairement, a rhorizon." 
Inde Vedique. Paris, 1881: p. 94. 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 




Greeks, Iranians, Indo-Aryans, Chinese, Japanese, — in fine, 
all the most ancient historic peoples, — possessed in their 
earliest traceable periods a cosmology essentially identical, 
and one of a far more advanced type than has been attrib- 
uted to them. The purpose of this paper is to set forth 



10 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

and illustrate this oldest known conception of the uni- 
verse and of its parts. 

In ancient thought the grand divisions of the world are 
four; to wit, The abode of the gods, the abode of living 
men, the abode of the dead, and, finally, the abode of 
demons. To locate these in right mutual relations, one 
must begin by representing to himself the earth as a 
sphere or spheroid, and as situated within, and concentric 
with, the starry sphere, each having its axis perpendicular, 
and its north pole at the top. The pole-star is thus in the 
true zenith, and the heavenly heights centring about it 
are the abode of the supreme god or gods. According to 
the same conception, the upper or northern hemisphere 
of the earth is the proper home of living men ; the under 
or southern hemisphere of the earth, the abode of disem- 
bodied spirits and rulers of the dead; and, finally, the 
undermost region of all, that centring around the south- 
ern pole of the heavens, the lowest hell. The two hemi- 
spheres of the earth were furthermore conceived of as 
separated from each other by an equatorial ocean or 
oceanic current. 

To illustrate this conception of the world, let the two 
circles of the diagram upon the preceding page represent 
respectively the earth-sphere and the outermost of the 
revolving starry spheres. A is the north pole of the 
heavens, so placed as to be in the zenith. B is the south 
pole of the heavens, in the nadir. The line A B is the axis 
of the apparent revolution of the starry heavens in a per- 
pendicular position. C is the north pole of the earth ; D, 
its south pole; the line CD, the axis of the earth in 
perpendicular position, and coincident with the correspond- 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 11 

ing portion of the axis of the starry heavens. The space 
1 1 1 1 is the abode of the supreme god or gods ; 2, Eu- 
rope ; 3, Asia ; 4, Libya, or the known portion of Africa ; 
5 5 5, the ocean, or " ocean stream " ; 6 6 6, the abode of 
disembodied spirits and rulers of the dead ; 7 7 7 7, the 
lowest hell. 

Now, to make this key a graphic illustration of Homeric 
cosmology, it is only necessary to write in place of 1111 
" Lofty Olympos;" in place of 5 5 5, "The Ocean 
Stream ; " in place of 6 6 6, " House of Aides " (Hades) ; 
and in place of 7 7 7 7," Gloomy Tartaros." Imagine, 
then, the light as falling from the upper heavens — the 
lower terrestrial hemisphere, therefore, as forever in the 
shade ; imagine the Tartarean abyss as filled with Stygian 
gloom and blackness — fit dungeon-house for dethroned 
gods and powers of evil; imagine the "men-illuminating" 
sun, the " well-tressed " moon, the " splendid " stars, silent- 
ly wheeling round the central upright axis of the lighted 
hemispheres, — and suddenly the confusions and supposed 
contradictions of classic cosmology disappear. We are in 
the very world in which immortal Homer lived and sang. 
It is no longer an obscure crag in Thessaly, from which 
heaven-shaking Zeus proposes to suspend the whole earth 
and ocean. The eye measures for itself the nine days' 
fall of Hesiod's brazen anvil from heaven to earth, from 
earth to Tartarus. The Hyperboreans are now a pos- 
sibility. Now a descensus ad inferos can be made by 
voyagers in the black ship. Unnumbered commentators 
upon Homer have professed their despair of ever being 
able to harmonize the passages in which Hades is repre- 
sented as " beyond the ocean," with those in which it 



12 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

is represented as "subterranean." Conceive of man's 
dwelling-place, of Hades, and the ocean, as in this key, 
and the notable difficulty instantaneously vanishes. In- 
terpreters of the Odyssey have found it impossible to 
understand how the westward and northward sailing voy- 
ager could suddenly be found in waters and amid islands 
unequivocally associated with the East. The present key 
explains it perfectly ; showing, what no one seems hereto- 
fore to have suspected, that the voj^age of Odysseus is a 
poetical account of an imaginary circumnavigation of the 
mythical earth in the upper or northern hemisphere, includ- 
ing a trip to the southern or under hemisphere, and a visit 
to the 6(i(palbg d-aldaorjgy or North Pole. 

The difficulties hitherto experienced in representing in 
a satisfactory manner the Yggdrasil of Norse mythology, 
the cosmical "fig-tree" of the Vedas, the "winged oak" 
of Pherecydes, etc., quite disappear when once, with un- 
derstanding of the supposed true position of the universe 
in space, the centre line of the trunk of the tree is made 
coincident with the axis of the starry heavens. 

In any chart or picture of the ancient Iranian cosmol- 
ogy, constructed according to this key, the Iranian Olym- 
pus, Har6 berezaiti, will join the solid earth to heaven, 
while underneath, the mount of demons, dread Arezura, 
will penetrate the nether darkness of the lowest hell. In 
Egyptian and Hindu cosmology the same opposed circum- 
polar projections of the earth are clearly traceable. To 
HarS berezaiti (Alborz) corresponds Mount Sar of ancient 
Egyptian mythology, the Kharsak Kurra of the Akka- 
dians, the Har Moed of Babylonia (Isa. xiv. 13, 14), 
the Sumeru of the Hindus and Buddhists, the Asgard of 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 13 

the Northmen, the Pearl Mountain of the Chinese. The 
comparative study of those mythic mounts can leave no 
one in doubt as to the location of that heavenly height, 

where 

1 ' the ever firm 
Seat of the gods is, by the winds unshaken, 
Nor ever wet with rain, nor ever showered 
With snow, but cloudless sether o'er it spreads, 
And glittering light encircles it around, 
On which the happy gods aye dwell in bliss. " 

In like manner, the comparative study of the myths of 
the ocean and of the under-worlds of ancient peoples 
leaves no room for doubt that these, too, were originally 
adjusted to a geocentric conception of the universe, and 
to an earth which was figured as a globe. With such a 
key the most perplexing cosmological problems, such as 
the origin of the strange concentric dwipas of the Pura- 
nas, the origin and significance of the Sabean myth of Ur, 
the son of Rouha'ia, and many others, receive at once a 
plain and satisfactory solution. 

Even the Kojiki, the most ancient of the sacred books 
of Japan, should have taught us to credit the early na- 
tions of the world with better knowledge of the earth 
than we have done ; for in its beautiful cosmogony the 
earth revolves, and Izanagi's spear is only its upright axis. 



As one out of a multitude of possible tests of the fore- 
going key, let us apply it to the interpretation of " the 
tall pillars of Atlas/' which 

yaldv re nal ovpavbv au^lc exovglv. 1 



1 Odyssey, I., 52-54. 



14 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

In approaching the study of this subject several ques- 
tions occur to every thoughtful beginner, the answers to 
which he can nowhere find. For instance : How can 
Homer speak of the pillars of Atlas, using the plural, when 
elsewhere in the early Greek mythology the representa- 
tions always point to only one? Again, if there is but one, 
and that in the west, near the Gardens of the Hesperides, 1 
what corresponding supports sustain the sky in the east, 
the north, and the south ? Or, if Atlas's pillar is only one 
of many similar ones supporting heaven around its whole 
periphery, how came it to be so much more famous than 
the rest ? Or, if Homer's plural indicates that all of them 
belonged to Atlas, how came the idea of one pillar to be 
so universally prevalent ? If the support of heaven was at 
many points, and at its outermost rim, how could Hesiod 
venture to represent the whole vault as poised on Atlas's 
head and hands ? 2 Again, if it is the special function of 
Atlas, or of his pillar, to stand on the solid earth and hold 
up the sky, he would seem to have no special connection 
with the sea: why, then, should Homer introduce the 
strange statement that Atlas " knows all the depths of the 
sea " ? This certainly seems very mysterious. Again, if 
the office of the pillar or pillars is^to prop up the sky, they 

1 Hesiod, Theogony, 517. Atlas pflegt immer init den Hesperiden 
genannt zu werden. Preller, Griechische Mythologies vol. i., p. 348. 

2 Theogony, 747. Moreover, how could one limited being have charge 
of so many and so widely separated pillars ? " It can scarcely be doubted 
that the words a^U exouo-if, Odyssey I., 54, do not mean that these columns 
surround the earth; for in this case they must be not only many in num- 
ber, but it would be obvious to the men of a myth-making and myth- 
speaking age, that a being stationed in one spot could not keep up, or hold, 
or guard, a number of pillars surrounding either a square or a circular earth." 
Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations. London, 1870: vol. i., p. 37, n. 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY, 15 

of course sustain different relations to earth and. heaven. 
They bear up the one, and are themselves borne up by 
the other. Yet, singularly enough, Homer's locus classicus 
places them in exactly the same relation to the two. 1 
Worse than this, Pausanias unqualifiedly and repeatedly 
asserts that, according to the myth, Atlas supports upon 
his shoulders " both earth and heaven." 2 And with this 
corresponds the language of JEschylus. 3 But what sort of 
a poetic imagination is this which represents a mighty 
column as upholding not only a vast superincumbent 
weight, but also, and at the same time, its own pedestal? 
Is this a specimen creation of that immortal Hellenic 
genius, which the whole modern world is taught almost to 
adore ? 

Turning to the authorities in textual and mythological 
interpretation, our beginner finds no help. On the . con- 
trary, their wild guesses and mutual contradictions only 
confuse him more and more. Vcilcker tells him, with all 
the assuring emphasis of leaded type, that "in Atlas is 
given a personification of the art of navigation, the conquest 
of the sea by means of human skill, by commerce, and the 
gains of commerce." 4 Preller instructs him to reject this 
view, and to think of this mysterious son of Iapetos as 
a " sea-giant representing the upbearing and supporting 

1 "For that both heaven and earth are meant, not heaven alone, is 
proved by various poetic passages, and by other testimonies." Preller, 
Griechische Mythologie, vol. i., p. 348. 

2 Book V., 11, 2; 18, 1. One interpreter makes the profound suggestion 
that in this passage the yyv is " added by a zeugma " ! Merry and Riddell, 
Odyssey, I., 53. 

s Prometheus Bound, 349, 425 ff. 

4 Mythologie des japetlschen Geschlechts, p. 49 ff. Followed by K. O. 
Miiller, Keightley, Anthon, and many others. 



16 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

almightiness of the ocean in contrast with the earth-shat- 
tering might of Poseidon." x The classical dictionaries 
only perplex him with multitudinous puerilities invented 
by ignorant Euhemeristic scholiasts, — stories to the effect 
that the original Atlas was merely the astronomer who 
first constructed an artificial globe to represent the sky ; 
or that he was a North-west African, who, having as- 
cended a lofty promontory the better to observe the heav- 
enly bodies, fell off into the sea, and so gave name both 
to the mountain and to the Atlantic Ocean. Schoemann 
does not profess a positive and certain understanding of 
the matter, but suggests that the mysterious Titan was in 
all probability "originally a gigantic mountain-god" of 
some sort. 2 

Bryant at first makes Atlas a mountain supporting a 
temple or temple-cave, called Co-el, house of God, whence 
" the Ccelus of the Romans," vol. i., p. 274. In the next 
volume, however, he says that "under the name of Atlas 
is meant the Atlantians." And quoting " The Odyssey," 
he translates thus : " They [the Atlantians] had also long 
pillars, or obelisks, which referred to the sea, and upon which 
was delineated the whole system both of heaven and earth; 
d[icp}g, all around, both on the front of the obelisk and on the 
other sides." z 

If our investigator asks, as did an ancient gramma- 
rian, how Atlas could stand on the earth and support 
heaven on his head, if heaven was so far removed that 

1 Griechische Mythologie, vol. i., 32, 348. Followed by Faesi and others. 

2 G-. F. Schoemann. Die hesiodische Theogonie ausgelegt. Berlin, 1868, 
p. 207. 

3 Analysis of Ancient Mythology, London, 1807, vol. ii., 91. The Italics 
are the author's. 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 17 

an anvil would require nine days and nights in which 
to fall through the distance, Paley kindly explains that 
" the poet's notion doubtless was, that Atlas held up the 
sky near its junction with earth in the far west." 1 In 
this case, of course, a reasonably short giant would answer 
the purpose. If, after all his consultations of authorities, 
our youth is still unsatisfied, and to make a last effort for 
light turns to the illustrious Welker, he learns as an 
important final lesson, that when an ancient author says 
" heaven and earth," it is not for a moment to be supposed 
that he literally means " heaven and earth," and that, if 
they had remembered this, writers on mythology would 
have spared themselves "a vast amount of brain-racking 
and ineffectual pro-and-contra pleading." 2 With this as 
the sole outcome of all his researches, may not a begin- 
ner well despair of ever getting any knowledge of the 
meaning of the myth, if, indeed, he can still imagine it to 
have had a meaning? 

Here, as everywhere, the truth at once explains and 
removes all the difficulties which a false and groundless 
presupposition has created. 

Once conceive of the Homeric world as we have recon- 
structed it, and how clear and beautiful the conception 
of the pillars of Atlas becomes ! They are simply the 

1 The Epics of ffesiod, p. 229. On the other hand, another English inter- 
preter would give us a giant with shoulders as broad as the whole heaven, 
and translate a^lg exova-iv " which support at either side; i.e., at the East 
and West." Merry and Riddell, Odyssey, I., 53. 

2 "Viel Kopfbrechens und vergeblichen Hin- und Herredens hat der 

Alisdruck des PaUSaniaS gemacht enl ruv m/jhov Kara ra \cy6fxeva ovpavov re ave'xet 

Kal y 9jv, der auch bei deni Gemalde von Pananos (5, 11, 2) wiederkehrt: 

ovpavov Kal yr>,v avex^v irapearrjKe, indem man ovpavov Kal yr\v blichstablich Ver- 

stehen zu miissen glaubte." Gr. Gotterlehre, vol. i., pp. 746, 747. 



18 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

upright axes of earth and heaven. Viewed in their rela- 
tion to earth and heaven respectively, they are two ; but 
viewed in reference to the universe as an undivided whole, 
they are one and the same. Being coincident, they are 
truly one, and yet they are ideally separable. Hence 
singular or plural designations are equally correct and 
equally fitting. Transpiercing the globe at the very 
"navel or centre of the sea," Atlas's pillar penetrates far 
deeper than any recess of the waters' bed, and he may 
well be said to " know the depths of the whole sea." Or 
this statement may have reference to that primordial sea in 
which his pillar was standing when the geogonic and cos- 
mogonic process began. In this sense how appropriate 
and significant would it have been if applied to Izanagi ! x 
Again, the association of Atlas with the Gardens of the 
Hespericles, so far from disproving our interpretation, 
actua]ly affords new confirmation, since iEschylus, Phere- 
cydes, and the oldest traditions locate the Hesperides 
themselves, not in the west, but in the extreme north, 
beyond the Rhiphaean Mountains, in the vicinity of the 
Hyperboreans. 2 In fact, there are very strong reasons for 

1 Compare the Vedic statement: "He who knows the golden reed 
standing in the waters is the mysterious Prajapati." Muir, Sanskrit Texts, 
vol. iv., p. 21. Garrett, Classical Dictionary of India, art. " Skambha." 
Still another explanation is suggested by the Rig- Veda, X., 149: " Savitri 
has established the earth by supports; Savitri has fixed the sky in unsup- 
ported space; Savitri, the son of the waters, knows the place where the 
ocean supported issued forth." Muir, Sanskrit Texts, vol. iv., p. 110 (comp. 
Ludwig's German version). According to this, he would be conceived 
of as knowing the depths of the whole ocean, because its celestial springs 
are about his head, and its lowest depths at his feet. 

2 Preller, Griechische Mythologie, vol. ii., p. 149. Volcker, Mythologische 
Geographic, pp. 133 jf. Wolfgang Menzel, Dip vorchristh'che Unsterblich- 
keitslelire, vol. i., p. 98. Accordingly "lost Atlantis" must be looked for, 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 19 

believing that these Gardens of the Hesperides were noth- 
ing other than the starry gardens of the circumpolar sky; 
that, therefore, the Hesperides were called the " Daugh- 
ters of Night," and that the great serpent which assisted 
the nymphs in watching "the golden apples " was none 
other than the constellation Draco, whose brilliant con- 
stituent «, the astronomer's Thuban, was, less than fifty 
centuries ago, the pole-star of our heaven. 

Once more, our interpretation perfectly harmonizes the 
passages which represent Atlas as a heaven-supporter with 
those which represent him as equally supporting earth. 
More than this, it reveals the curious fact, that Homer's 
description of the tall pillars of Atlas identifies them with 
the axes of earth and heaven so unmistakably, that, in 
order to blunder into the common mistranslation of it, it 
was first necessary to invent, and get the lexicographers to 
adopt, a span-new special meaning for the words dpyig e%siv, 
— a meaning necessitated by no other passage in the whole 
body of Homeric Greek. Homer's beautifully explicit lan- 
guage is, — 

exst <5e re kiqvclq avrbg 
fiLCLKpag, al yalav re aal ovpavbv d/z0if exovaiv. 

" Who, of his own right, possesses the tall pillars which 
have around them earth and heaven" 1 Nowhere in Ho- 
meric, if, indeed, in any ancient Greek, does the expres- 
sion mean "to prop asunder" 2 

not between Europe and America, but at the pole, whither all the oldest 
ethnic traditions point us for the cradle of the human race. 

1 Compare Odyssey, XV., 184. 

2 Buttmann (Lexilogus, English translation, 5th ed., pp. 94-104) is no 
more successful in showing such a meaning than are the older dictionary- 
makers. 



20 TRUE KEY TO ANCIENT COSMOLOGY 

Finally, as to the supposed difficulty of imagining a 
heaven-upholder so tall that it would take a brazen anvil 
nine days and nights to fall from his head to his feet, if 
Professor Paley had remembered Sanclalfon, the Talmudic 
Atlas, he would hardly have thought it necessary to locate 
the Hesiodic one on the edge of the earth where the sky 
is low. Of Sandalfon, Rabbi Eliezer has said, " There is 
an angel who standeth on earth, and reacheth with his 
head to the door of heaven. It is taught in the Mishna 
that he is called Sandalfon ; he exceedeth his companions 
as much in height as one can walk in five hundred 
years, and that he standeth behind the chariot [Charles's 
Wain] and twisteth or bindeth the garlands for his 
Creator." 1 

Atlas's pillar, then, is the axis of the world. It is the 
same pillar apostrophized in the Egyptian document 
known as the great Harris Magic Papyrus, in these unmis- 
takable words: u O long column, which commences in the 
upper and in the lower heavens!" 2 It is, with scarce a 
doubt, what the same ancient people in their Book of the 
Dead so happily styled "the spine of the earth." 3 It is 
the Rig-Veda's vieltragende Achse des unaufhaltsam sich 
drehenden, nie alternden, nie morschwerdenden, durch den 
Lavf der Zeiten nicht abgenutzten Weltrads, auf welchem 
alle Wesen stehen. 4 It is the umbrella-staff of Bur- 
mese cosmology, the churning-stick of India's gods and 

1 Eisenrnenger, EntdecTctes Judentham, Bd. II., p. 402 (Eng. vol. ii., 
p. 97). In all ancient cosmologies "the door of heaven" is at the north 
pole. Sacred Books of the East, vol. i., pp. 36, 37. 

2 Records of the Past, vol. x., p. 152. 

3 Chap, cxlii. 

4 Rig-Veda, I., 161. Grassrnan and Ludwig. 



AND MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHY. 21 

demons. It is the trunk of every cosmical tree. 1 It is 
the Tai Kih of the Chinese universe ; the tortoise-piercing 
(earth-piercing) arrow of the Mongolian heaven-god; the 
spear of Izanagi. It is the cord which the ancient Vedic 
bard saw stretched from one extremity of the universe to 
the other. 2 Is it not the Psalmist's "line " of the heavens 
which "is gone out through" the very "earth" and on 
"to the end of the world"? It is the Irminsul of the 
Germans, as expressly recognized by Grimm. It is the 
tower of Kronos. It is the Talmudic pillar which con- 
nects the Paradise celestial and the Paradise terrestrial. 



The fuller illustration and vindication of this key to 
ancient cosmology, its application to different systems of 
mythology and mythical geography, and the systematic 
exposition of said systems in accordance with this new 
interpretation, are tasks reserved for future and fuller 
treatises. The studies already completed render it certain 
that every existing systematic exposition of classic myth- 
ology is to be supplanted. Equally interesting is the 
question of the adaptation of this reconstruction of ancient 
cosmology to throw light on early Hebrew conceptions of 
the world and of Sheol. And, if the ancestors of the most 
ancient peoples had so correct a conception of the figure 
of the earth, our leading " Historians of Culture " have 
yet a good deal to learn respecting the mental state and 
capacity of prehistoric men. 

1 Ludwig, in his version of the Veda, finds repeated occasion for the 
use of the expression " Stengel der Welt." 

2 Kig-Veda, X., 129, 5. 



English Literature, 



Arnold's English Literature. 



Historical and Critical : With an Appendix on English Metres, and 
Summaries of the different literary periods. By Thomas Arnold, M.A., 
of University College, Oxford. American edition. Revised. l2mo. 
Cloth. 558 pages. Mailing price, $1.65; Introduction, $1.20; Ex- 
change, 75 cts. 

Craik's English of Shakespeare. 

Illustrated in a Philological Commentary on Julius Caesar. By George 
L. Craik, Queen's College, Belfast. Edited from the third revised 
London edition by W. J. Rolfe, Cambridge, Mass. i6mo. Cloth. 
386 pages. Mailing price, $1.00; Introduction, 90 cts. 

Carpenter's Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Reader. 

An Introduction to the study of the Anglo-Saxon Language, comprising 
an Elementary Grammar and carefully graded Selections for Reading, 
followed by Explanatory Notes and a Vocabulary. By Stephen H. 
Carpenter, late Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the 
University of Wisconsin. i2mo. Cloth. 212 pages. Mailing price, 
m 8o cts. ; Introduction, 60 cts. 

Carpenter's English of the XIV. Century. 

Illustrated by Notes, Grammatical and Philological, on Chaucer's Pro- 
logue and Knight's Tale. By Stephen H. Carpenter, late Professor 
of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Wisconsin. 
i2mo. Cloth. 313 pages. Mailing price, $1. 00; Introduction, 90 cts. 

Chaucer's Parfament of Foules . 

A revised Text, with Literary and Grammatical Introduction, Notes, 
and a full Glossary. By T. R. Lounsbury, Professor of English in the 
Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College. i2mo. Cloth, ill pages. 
Mailing price, 55 cts.; Introduction, 40 cts. 



2 GINN, HEATH, & CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 

The Harvard Edition of Shakespeare's Complete 

Works. By Henry N. Hudson, LL.D., Author of the Life, Art, and 
Characters of Shakespeare, Editor of School Shakespeare, etc. In Twenty 
Volumes ; duodecimo; two plays in each volume; also in Ten Volumes 
of four plays each. 

Retail Prices. 



20-vol. edition, cloth . 


. $25.00 


10-vol. edition, cloth . 


. $20.00 


half-morocco . 


. 55-00 


half-morocco . 


40.00 


half-calf .... 


. 55-oo 


half-calf . 


40.00 


tree calf .... 


90.00 


tree calf .... 


60.00 



Hudson's " Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare " (2 vols.) 
are uniform in size and binding with THE Harvard EDITION, and are in- 
cluded with it at a little more than the above prices. 

p^t* Buyers should be careful in ordering not to confound the Harvard 
Shakespeare with an Old Edition made in 1851, and sold under another 
name. 

Hudson's Life, Art, and Characters of Shake- 

speare. In 2 vols. 12 mo. 969 pages. Uniform in size with "The 
Harvard Shakespeare," and matches it in the following bindings : — 

Cloth Retail Price, $4.00 per set. 

Half-calf . " " 8.00 

Half-morocco " " 8.00 " 

Tree calf " " 12.00 " 

Hudson's School Shakespeare. 

Revised and Enlarged Editions of twenty-three Plays, printed from 
new electrotype plates. Carefully expurgated for use in Schools, 
Clubs, and Families, with Explanatory Notes at the bottom of the page, 
and Critical Notes at the end of each volume. By H. N. Hudson, 
LL.D., late Professor of English Literature in Boston University, Edi- 
tor of " The Harvard Shakespeare" and, for more than thirty years, 
a Teacher of Shakespeare in the Schools. One play in each volume. 
Square i6mo. Varying in size from 128-253 pages. Mailing Price 
of each, Cloth, 60 cents; Paper, 45 cents. Introduction Price, Cloth, 
45 cents; Paper, 33 cents. Exchange, Cloth, 3% cents; Paper, 26 cents. 



English in Schools. 



By Henry N. Hudson, LL.D., Author of new School Editio7i of 
Shakespeare's Plays, Text-Books on Bacon, Burke, Addison, Webster, 
Wordsworth, Burns, Coleridge, etc., and of the Classical English Reader. 
Sq. i6mo. Paper. 131 pages. Mailing Price, 25 cts. 



ENGLISH LITERATURE. 



Hudson's Three-Volume Shakespeare. 

For Schools, Families, and Clubs. "With Introductions and Xotes of 
each Play. 121110. Cloth. 636-678 pages per volume. Mailing price, 
per volume, Si. 65 ; Introduction, £1.20. 

Expurgated Family Shakespeare. 

By H. N. Hudson, LL.D., Editor of "Harvard Shakespeare;' "Life, 
Art, and Characters of Shakespeare" etc. In 23 vols. Same edition as 
The School Shakespeare described on page 2. Retail Price, per set 
(in box), $16. 

Hudson's Text-Book of Poetry. 

From Wordsworth, Coleridge, Burns, Beattie, Goldsmith, and Thom- 
son. With Sketches of the Author's Lives, and instructive foot-notes, 
historical and explanatory. For use in Schools and Classes. By H. 
X. Hudson, LL.D. i2mo. Cloth. 694 pages. Mailing price, 31.65; 
Introduction, $1.20. 

Hudson's Text-Book of Prose. 



From Burke, Webster, and Bacon. With Sketches of the Authors' 
Lives, and foot-notes, historical and explanatory. By H. X. FIud- 
son, LL.D. i2mo. Cloth. 636 pages. Mailing price, 31-65 ; Intro- 
duction, $1.20. 

Hudson's Pamphlet Selections Prose and Poetry. 

Annotated. 121110. Paper. Mailing price of each, 33 cts. ; Introduc- 
tion price, 24 cts. 

Hudson's Classical English Reader. 

For High Schools, Academies, and the upper grades of Grammar Schools. 
Containing selections from Bryant, Burke, Burns, Byron, Carlyle, Cole- 
ridge, Cowley, Cowper, Dana, Froude, Gladstone, Goldsmith, Gray, 
Helps, Herbert, Hooker, Hume, Irving, Keble, Lamb, Landor, Long- 
fellow, Macaulay, Milton, Peabody, Scott, Shakespeare, Southey, Spen- 
ser, Talfourd, Taylor, Webster, Whittier, Wordsworth, and other stand- 
ard authors. With explanatory and critical foot-notes. i2mo. Cloth. 
425 pages. Mailing price, $1.25; Introduction, 90 cts.; Exchange, 
50 cts. 



GINN, HEATH, &* CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 



First Two Books of Milton's Paradise Lost; and 

Milton's Lycidas. By Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., Principal of Girls' 
High School, Boston. i2mo. Cloth. 198 pages. Mailing price, 60 
cts.; Introduction, 45 cts. 

Six Selections from I J ruing 's S ketch-Book. 

With full notes, questions, etc., for home and school use. By Homer 
B. Sprague, Ph.D., and M. E. Scates, of the Girls' High School, Bos- 
ton. 121110. Cloth. 126 pages. Mailing price, 45 cents ; Introduc- 
tion, 32 cents. 



English Grammar. 



Elementary Lessons in English. Part First: 

"HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITE CORRECTLY." By W. D. 
Whitney of Yale College, and Mrs. N. L. Knox. i2mo. Cloth. 129 
pages. Mailing price, 50 cts. ; Introduction, 30 cts. ; Exchange, 22 cts. 

The Teacher's Edition of Elementary Lessons 

in English. To accompany Part I.: "HOW TO SPEAK AND 
WRITE CORRECTLYr Prepared by Mrs. N. L. Knox. i2mo. 
Cloth. 323 pages. Mailing price, 80 cts.; Introduction price, 60 cts. 

Whitney's Essentials of English Grammar. 

For the Use of High Schools, Academies, and the Upper Grades of 
Grammar Schools. By Professor W. D. Whitney of Yale College. 
i2mo. Cloth. 260 pages. Mailing price, $ 1. 00; Introduction, 70 cts.; 
Exchange, 40 cts. 

Outlines of the Art of Expression. 

A Treatise on English Composition and Rhetoric, designed especially 
for Academies, High Schools, and the Freshman Class in Colleges. 
By J. H. Gilmore, Professor of Logic, Rhetoric, and English in the 
University of Rochester, N.Y. 121110. Cloth. 117 pages. Mailing 
Price, 65 cts. ; Introduction, 48 cts. 

Bigsby's Elements of English Composition. 

By Bernard Bigsby, Lecturer on the English Language. i8mo, 
155 pages. Mailing Price, 35 cts. ; Introduction, 28 cts.; Exchange, 
20 cts. 



Latin Text-Books. 



Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. 

Revised, Enlarged, and printed from new plates in 1877. A Latin 
Grammar for schools and colleges, founded on Comparative Grammar. 
By J. H. Allen, Lecturer at Harvard University, and J. B. Greenough, 
Professor of Latin at Harvard University. i2mo. Half morocco. 
329 pages. With new and greatly-enlarged Index. Mailing price, 
$1.25 ; Introduction, 90 cts.; Exchange, 50 cts. 

Leighton's Latin Lessons. 

Prepared to accompany Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. Con- 
taining also references to the Grammars of Andrews and Stoddard, 
Harkness, and Gildersleeve. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.), Prin- 
cipal of the Brooklyn (N.Y.) High School. Revised edition, with full 
Vocabularies prepared by R. F. Pennell. i2mo. Half morocco. 494 
pages. Mailing Price, $1.25; Introduction, 90 cts.; Exchange, 50 cts. 

New Latin Method. 

A Manual of Instruction in Latin, on the basis of a Latin Method pre- 
pared by J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. i2mo. Cloth. 303 pages. 
Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 70 cts. ; Exchange, 45 cts. 

Six Weeks' Preparation for Reading Ccesar. 

With References to Allen and Greenough's, Gildersleeve's, and Hark- 
ness's Grammars. Designed to accompany a Grammar, and to prepare 
pupils for reading at sight. By James M. Whiton. i8mo. Cloth. 
75 pages. Mailing Price, 40 cts.; Introduction, 28 cts. 

A lien's Introduction to Latin Composition. 

I Revised and Enlarged, with references to the Grammars of Allen and 
Greenough, Gildersleeve, and Harkness. By William F. Allen, Pro- 
fessor in the University of Wisconsin. With the cooperation of John 
Tetlow, A.M., Master of the Girls' Latin School, Boston, and Prof. 
Tracy Peck of Yale College. i2mo. Cloth. 181 pages. Mailing 
Price, $1.00; Introduction, 70 cts.; Exchange, 50 cts. 



6 GINN, HEATH, & CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 

Allen and Greenough's Latin Composition. 

An Elementary Guide to Writing in Latin. Part I., Constructions of 
Syntax; Part II., Exercises in Translation. i2mo. Cloth. 198 pages. 
Mailing Price, $1.25 ; Introduction, 90 cts.; Exchange, 50 cts. 

A Hen and Greenough's Ccesar. 

Caesar's Gallic War : Four Books. With Historical Introduction, 
Notes, and a copperplate Map of Gaul. Also a full Vocabulary by 
R. F. Pennell, of Phillips Exeter Academy. i2mo. Half morocco. 
282 pages. Mailing Price, $1.10 ; Introduction, 80 cts.; Exchange, 
50 cts. 

Allen and Greenough's Sa/lust. 

The Conspiracy of Catiline as related by Sallust. With Introduction 
and Notes, explanatory and historical. i2mo. Cloth. 84 pages. 
Mailing Price, 65 cts.; Introduction, 45 cts. 

Allen and Greenough's Cicero. 

Thirteen Orations of Cicero, chronologically arranged, covering 
the entire period of his public life. From the text of Baiter and Kayser. 
With Life, general and special Introductions, and Index of topics dis- 
cussed. i2mo. Half morocco. 394 pages. Mailing Price, J 1.25 ; 
Introduction, 90 cts. ; Exchange, 50 cts. 

Eight Orations. With Vocabulary by R. F. Pennell. Mailing 
Price, $1.25 ; Introduction, 90 cts.; Exchange, 50 cts. 

Allen and Greenough's Preparatory Course of 

Latin Prose. Containing Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, and 
Eight Orations of Cicero. With Vocabulary by R. F. Pennell. 
i2mo. Half morocco. 518 pages. Mailing Price, $1.55 ; Introduc- 
tion, $1.12; Exchange, 75 cts. 

Allen and Greenough's Virgil. 

Containing the Pastoral Poems {Bucolics') and Six Books of the 
^Eneid. Chiefly from the text of Ribbeck, with select various Read- 
ings, Introductions, Notes, and Index of Plants (compiled chiefly from 
Fee's Flore de Virgile, contained in Lemaire's " Bibliotheca Classica 
Latina"). i2mo. Half morocco. 372 pages. 

With Vocabulary: Mailing Price, $ 1.55; Introduction, $1.12; 
Exchange, 75 cts. 

Without Vocabulary: Mailing Price, #1.25; Introduction, 90 cts.; 
Exchange, 50 cts. 



LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 



Allen and Greenough's De Senectute. 

Cicero's Dialogue on Old Age. With Introduction (on the adoption 
in Rome of the Greek philosophy) and Notes. i2mo. Cloth. 57 
pages. Mailing Price, 55 cts.; Introduction, 40 cts. 

AuxiHa Vergiliana; or, First Steps in Latin Prosody. 

By J. M. Whiton, Ph.D. 1 2mo. Paper cover. Mailing Price, 22 cts.; 
Introduction, 16 cts. 

Allen and Greenough's Ovid. 

Selections from the Poems of Ovid, chiefly the Metamorphoses. Over 
5.000 lines. With special Introductions, Notes, and Index of Proper 
Names. 121x10. Half morocco. 282 pages. 

With Vocabulary: Mailing Price, £1.55 ; Introduction, $1.12; 
Exchange, 75 cts. 

Without Vocabulary : Mailing Price, $1.25 ; Introduction, 90 cts.; 
Exchange, 50 cts. 

Greenough's Virgil. Vol. I. 

Containing the Pastoral Poems {Bucolics) and Six Books of the ^Eneid. 
With Life of the Poet, Introductions, a Synopsis preceding each Book, 
and an Index of Plants. Also 123 Illustrations from ancient objects 
of art. Fully annotated, for School and College Use, by J. B. 
Greexough of Harvard University. 

The text follows Ribbeck in the main, variations being noted in 
the margin ; and the references are to Allen and Greenough's, Gilder- 
sleeve's, and Harkness's Latin Grammars. i2mo. Cloth. 467 pages. 

With Vocabulary: Mailing Price, Si. 55; Introduction, $1.12; 
Exchange, 75 cts. 

Without Vocabulary : Mailing Price, $1.25 ; Introduction, 90 cts.; 
Exchange, 50 cts. 



Greenough's Virgil. Vol. II. 



Containing the last six Books of the ^Eneid and the Georgics. Chiefly 
from the text of Ribbeck, with select various Readings, Introductions, 
and Notes. By J. B. Greexough, Harvard University. i2mo. Cloth. 

\_In preparation. 

Allen's Latin Primer. 

A First Book of Latin for Boys and Girls. By J. H. Allex. i2mo. 
Cloth. 181 pages. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 70 cts.; 
Exchange, 45 cts. 



8 GINN, HEATH, &> CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Allen's Latin Reader 

Consisting of Selections from Caesar (the invasion of Britain, and ac- 
count of the Gallic and German populations), Curtius (Anecdotes of 
Alexander), Nepos (Life of Hannibal), Sallust (Jugurtha, abridged), 
Ovid, Virgil, Plautus, and Terence (single scenes), Cicero and Pliny 
(Letters), and Tacitus (the Conflagration of Rome). With Notes 
and General Vocabulary. 121110. Half morocco. 532 pages. Mailing 
Price, #1.55 ; Introduction, $1.12; Exchange, 75 cts. 

Allen's Latin Lexicon. 

A General Vocabulary of Latin, with Supplementary Tables of Dates, 
Antiquities, &c. By J. H. Allen. i2mo. Cloth. 214 pages. Mail- 
ing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 70 cts.; Exchange, 45 cts. 

Germania and Agricola of Tacitus. 

Edited, for School and College Use, by W. F. Allen, Professor of 
Latin in the University of Wisconsin. 121110. Cloth. 142 pages. 
Mailing Price, $1.10; Introduction, $1.00. 



King's Latin Pronunciation. 



A Brief Outline of the Roman, Continental, and English Methods, by 
D. B. King, Adjunct Professor of Latin in Lafayette College. i2mo. 
Cloth. 24 pages. Mailing Price, 25 cts. ; Introduction Price, 20 cts. 

Remnants of Early Latin. 

Chiefly inscriptions. Selected and Explained, for use in Colleges, by 
Frederick D. Allen, Professor of Classical Philology, Harvard College. 
Square 161110. 106 pages. Mailing Price, 80 cts.; Introduction. 75 cts. 

Cicero De Natura Deorum. 

Libri Tres, with the commentary of G. F. Schoemann, translated and 
edited by Austin Stickney. i2mo. Cloth. 348 pages. Mailing 
Price, $1.55 ; Introduction, $1.40. 

Selections from the Latin Poets. 

Catullus, Lucretius, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid, and Lucan. With notes 
for Colleges. Edited by E. P. Crowell, Professor of Latin, Amherst 
College. i2mo. Cloth. 300 pages. Mailing Price, #1.55; Intro- 
duction, $1.40. 



LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 



A Brief History of Roman Literature. 

For Schools and Colleges. Translated and edited from the German 
edition of Bender by Professors E. P. Crowell and H. B. Richard- 
son of Amherst College. Square i6mo. 152 pages. Mailing Price, 
31.10; Introduction, 80 cts. 

An Etymology of Latin and Greek. 

With a Preliminary Statement of the New System of Indo-European 
Phonetics, and Suggestions in Regard to the Study of Etymology. By 
Charles S. Halsey, A.M., Principal of Union College Classical Insti- 
tute, Schenectady, X.Y. i2mo. Cloth. 272 pages. Mailing Price, 
$1.55 ; Introduction, $140. 

Madvig's Latin Grammar. 

Carefully revised by Thomas A. Thacher, Professor of Latin, Yale 
College. i2mo. Half morocco. 515 pages. Mailing Price, 32.50; 
Introduction, $1.50. 

The Latin Verb. 



' Illustrated by the Sanskrit. By C. H. Parkhurst, formerly of Willis- 
ton Seminary. i2mo. Cloth. 55 pages. Mailing Price, 40 cts. ; 
Introduction, 35 cts. 

Ginn & Heath's Classical Atlas. 



By A. Keith Johnston, LL.D., F.R.G.S., aided by W. E. Gladstone, 
Prime Minister of England. Bound in full cloth, with guards, similar 
to Long's Classical Atlas (7^X12 inches). Also bound in strong 
boards, cloth back, (15X12 inches). Mailing Price, Cloth, $1.75; 
Boards, Si. 30. Introduction, Cloth, §1.40; Boards, 31.05. 



Classical Wall-Maps. 



Engraved by W. & A. K. Johnston, Edinburgh. Price, express paid, 
$5.00 each; Introduction Price, §4.00 each; Introduction Price of 
three or more, $3.50 each. 

White's Junior Student's Latin Lexicons. 

LATIN-ENGLISH. Morocco. Mailing Price. $2. 20; Introduc- 
tion, Si. 80. Sheep. Mailing Price, $2.50; Introduction, S2.00. 

LATIN-ENGLISH and ENGLISH-LATIN. Sheep. Mailing 
Price, S3. 30 ; Introduction, 32.70. 

ENGLISH-LATIN. Sheep. Mailing Price, $1.90; Introduction, 
$1.60. 



IO GINN, HEATH, &> CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 

Greek Text-Books. 

Goodwin's Greek Grammar. 

By William W. Goodwin, Ph.D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature 
in Harvard College. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Published in 
December, 1879. 121110. Half morocco. 425 pages. Mailing Price, 
$1.65; Introduction, $1.20; Exchange, 90 cts. 

White's First Lessons in Greek. 

Revised and Enlarged Edition*. ...Prepared "to accompany Goodwin's 
Greek Grammar, and designed as an introduction either to his Greek 
Reader or to his Selections from Xenophon and. Herodotus, or to the 
Anabasis of Xenophon. With a Cpirjpiariion Pamphlet of Parallel 
References to Hadley's 'Greek Grammar. .By John Williams 
White, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard University. 
121110. Half morocco. Mailing Price, $1.30; Introduction, 94 cts.; 
Exchange, 70 cts. 

Leighton's New Greek Lessons. , 

With references to Hadley's Greek Grammar as well as to Goodwin's 
New Greek Grammar. Intended as an : in.trodviction to Xenophon's 
Anabasis or to Goodwin's Greek Reader. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. 
(Lips.), Principal Brooklyn High School, N.Y; 121110. Half morocco. 
Mailing Price, $1.30;" Introduction, 94 cts. j Exchange, 70 cts. 

First Four Books of Xenophon's Anabasis. 

W T ith an illustrated Vocabulary.-.' Edited by Professors W. W. Goodwin 
and John Williams White of Harvard University. 121110. Plalf 
morocco. 355 pages. Mailing Price, $1.65; Introduction, $1.20; 
Exchange, 90 cts. 

Without Vocabulary. Mailing Price, $1.10 ; Introduction, 75 cts.; 
Exchange, 50 cts. 

Goodwin's Greek Reader. 

Consisting of Selections from Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus, and 
Thucydides ; being the full amount of Greek Prose required for 
admission to Harvard University. With Colored Maps, Notes, and 
References to the revised and enlarged edition of Goodwin's Greek 
Grammar. Edited by Professor W. W. Goodwin of Harvard Uni- 
versity. i2mo. Half morocco. 384 pages. Mailing price, $1.65; 
Introduction, $1.20; Exchange, 90 cts. 



GREEK TEXT-BOOKS. n 

Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses. 

By William W. Goodwin, Ph.D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature 
in Harvard University. Seventh Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
i2mo. Cloth. 279 pages. Mailing Price, $1.65 ; Introduction, $1.50. 

Essential Uses of the Moods in Greek and Latin. 

Prepared by R. P. Keep, Ph.D., Instructor in the Classical Department 
of Williston Seminary, at Easthampton, Mass. Square 161110. Mailing 
Price, 40 cts. ; Introduction, 28 cts. 

Sidg wick's Greek Prose Composition. 

By Arthur Sidg wick, Lecturer at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and 
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. i2mo. Cloth. 280 pages. 
Mailing Price, $1.65 ; Introduction, $1.33. 

Philippics of Demosthenes. 

Contains the First, Second, and Third Philippics, with an Introduction 
and Explanatory Notes. With references to Goodwin's and Hadley's 
Greek Grammars. By Frank B. Tarbell, Yale College. 121110. 
Cloth. 138 pages. Mailing Price, $1.10; Introduction Price, $1.00. - 

Hellenic Orations of Demosthenes. 

Symmoi'ies, Megalopolitans, and Rhodians. With revised text and 
commentary by Isaac Flagg, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Cornell 
University. i2mo. 103 pages. Mailing price, $1.10 ; Introduction 
Price, J 1. 00. 

Medea of Euripides. 

Edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Frederick D. Allen, 
Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology in Harvard University. i2mo. 
Cloth. 141 pages. Mailing Price, $1. 10; Introduction, $1. 00. 

CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. 

Edited, with an Introduction, Notes, and full Explanation of the 
Metres, by John Williams White, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of 
Greek in Harvard University. i2mo. Cloth. 219 pages. Mailing 
Price, #1.25 ; Introduction, $1.12. 



12 GINN, HEATH, 6- CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Orations of Lysias. 

With Biographical Introduction, Notes, and Table of Various Read- 
ings. Edited by James Morris Whiton, Ph.D. 121110. Mailing Price, 
$1.10; Introduction, $1.00. 

Selections from the Greek Lyric Poets. 

With an Historical Introduction, giving a brief survey of the develop- 
ment of Greek Poetry until the time of Pindar, and also Notes for the 
student's use. By Henry M. Tyler, Professor of Greek and Latin 
in Smith College. 121110. Cloth. 184 pages. Mailing Price, #1.10; 
Introduction, $1.00. 

Selected Odes of Pindar. 

W T ith Notes and an Introduction by Thomas D. Seymour, Professor of 
the Greek Language and Literature in Yale College. The text is that 
of Bergk's fourth edition, and the metrical schemes are according to 
Schmidt's " Kunstformen der Griechischen Poesie." 121110. Cloth. 
300 pages. Mailing Price, $1.55; Introduction, $1.40. 

Stein's Summary of the Dialect of Herodotus. 

Translated by Professor John Williams White, Ph.D., from the Ger- 
man of the fourth edition of Herodotus by Heinrich Stein. Paper, 
15 pages. Mailing Price, 10 cts. ; Introduction Price, 10 cts. 

Schmidt's Rhythmic and Metric of the Clas- 

sical Languages. Edited from the German by John Williams White, 
Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard University. Designed 
as a Manual for Classes in the Greek and Latin Poets. 8vo. Cloth. 
204 pages. Mailing Price, $2.65 ; Introduction, $2.50. 

Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. 

The sixth and last Oxford Edition, unabridged. 4to. Sheep. 1,88 1 
pages. Mailing Price, $10.00; Introduction, $7.50 net. 

Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. 

ABRIDGED from the last Oxford Edition of the unabridged (see 
above), and carefully revised throughout. With Appendix of Proper 
and Geographical Names, by J. M. Whiton. Square 121x10. 835 pages. 
Morocco back. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, $1.50 net. 



D 



lVMn 



s 



ZL 




rt^r 



THE WORLD OF THE ANCIENTS. 







r * * * * 



\w-<* ^ 



J> c ° " ' « ^ 












4 CU 








-r O 







•^ v 













Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 






v **!o^* **>> aV • * Neutra,izin 9 agent: Magnesium Oxide 

^.d^M^..*" *^^ a*^ *"a^ Treatment Date- Sent 9004 







! Treatment Date: Sept. 2004 

: H PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 



4* ** 

* o • • • « ^ 



1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



. c V*»50fe,\ ° .of* ,*^Sh<- ^ „~ ;mi//s*>~ 













*S :'4 





- - - A 




-^ ° " ° " A u 






■smu 
■l 

Hiiiillii 

JuHHL 
bBHUh 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





JB 



Wi 



— 
Ill 

WSBM 

B HHe 



i wiii i ii ii inffir 



raHil 



^^WMaHIIIMIIIIIIIIMIMIIIIBBH^^M 
HHH^^^BBHGHaHBHSB 







